•Gravel and fine inorganic materials make up the thin top soil
•Nutrients and energy left by dead organic matter is used for plant growth
•Subsoil zone is permanently frozen which prevents plant roots and water from reaching deep into the ground
•Soil above permafrost is soggy during the summer
•Very sensitive to ground disruption
•Disturbed ground soil is subject to the thawing of permafrost, creation of sink holes due to the ground collapsing, and loss of the already scarce top soil
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